DEMENTIA and Alzheimer's are terms that are often used alongside each other.
Dementia comes in many shapes and forms, including Alzheimer's, with the two terms often getting confused.
What is dementia and what are the different types?
Dementia is a general term used to describe the deterioration of a person's mental ability that is severe enough to interfere with their daily life.
It is known for the problems it causes with thinking, reasoning and memory – as these are the areas in the brain that become damaged.
There are many different types of dementia. Each is is associated with a particular type of brain cell damage.
The symptoms of dementia that somebody has will depend on which part of the brain is deteriorating.
There are two main groups dementia can be split into, but some conditions fall into both categories:
- Cortical, which causes severe memory loss (like that seen in Alzheimer's).
- Sub-cortical, which affects thinking speed and activity (as seen with Parkinson's disease).
Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are two of the most common forms of dementia and they both cause problems with memory.
Both are rare in young people aged under 65 years old.
Other common forms of dementia are Frontotemporal dementia, mostly diagnosed in those under 65 years old, and dementia with Lewy bodies, where nerve damage gradually gets worse over time causing slowed movement.
What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer’s?
Alzheimer's is a cause of dementia – and the most common.
It accounts for 60-80 per cent of dementia cases, which is why the names may sometimes be used interchangeably.
Alzheimer’s is a degenerative brain disease that is caused by complex brain changes following cell damage.
High levels of proteins get tangled up and surround brain cells, which leads to damage. The communication between brain cells slowly fades.
The brain cells in the hippocampus region of the brain are usually affected first. This causes difficulty with remembering things because the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory.
Alzheimer’s leads to dementia symptoms such as problems with short term memory, difficulty paying bills or remembering appointments.
The symptoms worsen over time, as a person may lose the ability to speak or write properly, carry out daily tasks like getting dressed, or remember their relatives. A person with Alzheimer’s can also become easily confused and aggressive and sometimes have outbursts of anger or violent behaviour.
What are the main symptoms of dementia?
Dementia symptoms vary depending on the cause. But common signs and symptoms include:
Cognitive changes
- memory loss, which is usually noticed by a spouse or someone else
- confusion and disorientation, such as not knowing the place or time
Difficulty:
- communicating or finding words
- following a conversation
- with visual and spatial abilities, such as getting lost while driving
- reasoning or problem-solving
- handling complex tasks
- planning and organising
- with coordination and motor functions
Psychological changes
- personality changes
- depression
- anxiety
- inappropriate behaviour
- paranoia
- agitation
- hallucinations
The symptoms specific to Alzheimer's disease include:
- memory problems, such as regularly forgetting recent events, names and faces
- asking questions repetitively
- increasing difficulties with tasks and activities that require organisation and planning
- becoming confused in unfamiliar environments
- difficulty finding the right words
- difficulty with numbers and/or handling money in shops
- becoming more withdrawn or anxious
What is vascular dementia and what causes it?
Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia in the UK after Alzheimer's disease, where the brain is damaged due to a lack of blood flow.
Sometimes people have both vascular dementia and Alzheimer's, giving them a diagnosis of "mixed dementia".
If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged – so that the blood vessels leak or become blocked – then blood cannot reach the brain cells and they will eventually die.
This death of brain cells can cause problems with memory, thinking or reasoning, and when these cognitive problems are bad enough to impact on daily life, it is known as vascular dementia.
Dementia symptoms specific to vascular dementia include stroke-like symptoms, suchas as muscle weakness, movement and thinking problems and mood changes, such as depression.
There are several different types of vascular dementia, due to the varying levels of damage on the affected part of the brain.
They include stroke-related dementia, single-infarct and multi-infarct dementia and subcortical vascular dementia.
What are the stages of dementia?
Many cases of dementia start with early warning signs.
This early stage is known as cognitive impairment and can be barely noticeable or mistaken for something else, such as depression.
These include slight:
- slowness of thought
- difficulty with planning
- trouble with language
- problems with attention and concentration
- mood or behavioural changes
These symptoms can indicate that some brain damage has already occurred and treatment needs to be started immediately before symptoms get worse and are more difficult to treat.
Changes often happen in sudden steps, with relatively stable periods in between, although it's difficult to predict when these steps will happen – so acting fast is the key.
As well as the symptoms listed above, further possible signs can include feeling disorientated and confused, memory loss and difficulty concentrating, struggling to find the right words and severe personality changes – including becoming aggressive, finding it difficult to walk, struggling to control urination and seeing things that aren't there.
The signs for early Alzheimer's are similar including losing items frequently, forgetting conversations or events and getting lost on familiar journeys.
How is dementia treated?
There is no specific treatment for dementia and no way to reverse the damage to the brain that has already occurred.
However, treatment may help slow down the progression of the condition and the main aim is to treat the underlying cause to help prevent further problems, such as strokes.
Medicines and lifestyle changes will be encouraged including eating healthily, losing weight if necessary, stop smoking, get fit and cutting down on alcohol.
Support such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech and language therapy is also beneficial, but despite treatment dementia can significantly shorten life expectancy.
The average survival time from diagnosis is around four years and most people will die either from complications of dementia, such as pneumonia, or from a subsequent stroke.
Source: Read Full Article
